A unique master in EuropeAn innovative ERASMUS MUNDUS program.

DYCLAM+ is an original and unique European university training program labeled ERASMUS MUNDUS offering students a pedagogical experience at the Jean Monnet University of Saint-Etienne (France, semester 1), at the Polytechnic Institute of Tomar in Maçao (Portugal, semester 2), at the Babes Bolyai University in Cluj-Napoca (Romania, semester 3), at the Federico II University of Naples (Italy, semester 4 and delocalized courses) and many associated partners.

At the end of these two years of study and mobility, students will have the knowledge and skills necessary to work in NGOs (Europa Nostra, Blue Shield, Traditions for Tomorrow...), international institutions for the promotion, expertise and safeguarding of heritage and cultural landscapes (UNESCO, IUCN, ICOMOS...), in local authorities, heritage sites or private companies (ICONEM).

Understanding the globalization of the heritage phenomenon

The conflicts of the beginning of the third millennium have revealed the major geopolitical stake that heritage represents: a symbol attacked as such, a source of illicit income, a factor of tension. The destruction of the Arch of Palmyra has provoked universal concern. The vandalization, the instrumentalization or the deprivation of Heritage (tangible or intangible) are not a new issue. Without having to look back at the Sack of Rome of 390 BC, are we aware that a report was submitted to the French Minister of Culture in March 2017 on "the provenances of works recovered after the Second World War," following the Nazi spoliation of European cultural property?

In an unstable geopolitical context, the heritage issue can become a major diplomatic crisis with worldwide repercussions: we have just seen this with the heritage of the city of Hebron, which led to the reevaluation of the status of Jerusalem. While we readily lend heritage virtues of resilience, it can also be a source of identity tensions. In the summer of 2017, the American historical crisis of conscience around Civil War memorials created a shockwave that spread to Europe, Canada and the world.

The international community has given two strong signs that reveal an awareness of the heritage issue: the historic judgment of the International Criminal Court (September 2016) condemning the person responsible for the destruction of the Timbuktu mausoleums and the "Abu Dhabi Declaration" (December 2016) on the protection of heritage "in danger".

In addition to the geopolitical tensions that affect heritage and cultural landscapes, the complexity of their management is compounded by potential conflicts of interest: the logic of economic externalities can pose a threat to the integrity of the property; uncontrolled tourism can generate sociological disruption of the environment; the virtues of resilience and reconciliation that are attributed to heritage can also give rise to identity tensions (e.g., the Mostar Bridge); the preservation of cultural property and its "restitution" due to the current demand from non-European countries (President Macron's announcement in Ougadougou, November 2017).

It is now necessary to go beyond the notion of "world heritage" in an attempt to consider both the process of globalization of the heritage phenomenon and the development of a community-based, even identity-based, heritage.

A number of issues have been raised by UNESCO, ICOMOS and IUCN experts, museum practitioners, specialists in 3D reconstruction (ICONEM), UNESCO and heritage sites, and political decision-makers that require us to train heritage managers and experts by considering these new dimensions of cultural diplomacy, negotiations, and geopolitical and legal knowledge at different scales. It is also essential and indispensable to give future professionals the means to act using digital tools for conservation, preservation, management and sustainable development.